As such, most industrial precincts would produce a range of suitable feedstock to enable geopolymer production. Geopolymers can be produced from a range of aluminate and silicate materials including metakaolin, fly ash, blast furnace slags, and mineral processing wastes. While there is ongoing debate over the correct terminology for these materials, for the purpose of consistency we will persist with the terms OPC, geopolymers and Bayer-derived geopolymer. Nikraz, in Handbook of Low Carbon Concrete, 2017 8.1 IntroductionĪluminosilicate polymers, inorganic polymers, AAMs, or geopolymers are X-ray amorphous aluminosilicate materials that have the potential to be an alternative concrete binder to ordinary Portland cement (OPC here or CEM1 ). Conversely, for dilute thermal waters collected from volcanic or granite areas, the Na/K geothermometer often yields overestimated reservoir temperatures.Į. For instance, the silica geothermometer underestimates the reservoir temperature when applied to deep geothermal fluids diluted by surface waters or after silica precipitation due to a fluid cooling. Presence of sea water, the water salinity, or the nature of the rocks surrounding the reservoirs can influence the temperature values given by hydrochemical geothermometers. Estimations calculated from Si-geothermometer forecast the temperature in deepest parts of hydrothermal systems. This is due to the fact that the dissolubility of silica contained in the solution as Si(OH) 4 molecules depends strongly on temperature and weakly – on the other ions content within a wide pH range usually silica is depositing quite slowly. One of the most widespread chemical geothermometers is a silica one.
Readings of these thermometers depend on many factors including temperature, pressure, hydrothermal flow speed, mineralogical conditions, partial pressure of gases, pH of the medium and other. The use of these parameters is based on the assumptions of (i) equilibrium in the water–rock system within the zone of hydrothermal formation and (ii) absence of precipitation–dissolution of the given component along the path of water migration from the heating zone (thermal supply) to the probing point. To hydrochemical geothermometers refer: dissolved silica content, atomic and ion Na/K and Na/Li ratios, and Na, K, and Ca concentration proportions (see Kharaka and Mariner (1989) and references therein). Zakharova, in Electromagnetic Geothermometry, 2015 2.2.2 Hydrochemical Geothermometers
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